1 Holmes R. ‘St Augustine and the Just War theory’, in G. B. Matthews (ed.) The Augustinian Tradition, Berkeley: University of California Press (1999) p.321.

2 Augustine. City of God, London: Penguin Books 1984) V:22, p.216.

3 Ibid. p.218.

4 Ibid. p.219.

5 Ibid.

6 Augustine. Confessions, London: Penguin Books (1961) II:7, p.50.

7 City of God, V:9 p.192.

8 Confessions, II, 8 p.51.

9 City of God, I,1, p.6.

10 Confessions, I:12 p.33.

11 City of God, IV:4. Translation in Tkacz M.W. and Kries D. Augustine: Political Writings, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc. (1994).

12 Ibid. IV:15 p.154.

13 City of God, XIX: 13, p.870.

14 Ibid., XIX: 9, p.862.

15 Lorenz, K. On Aggression, London: Methuen (1966) p.230.

16 Ibid., p.231.

17 Ibid., pp.234f.

18 Cf. City of God, XII: 6, p.477; and XIV:13, where Augustine quotes Ecclus. 10,13: ‘Initium omnis peccati superbia est’ [the beginning of all sin is pride] refers it to the sin of the evil angels and defines it as the perverse drive for self-exaltation – ‘perversae celsitudinis adpetitus’.

19 The quotation comes at the conclusion of Freud’s Totem and Taboo, London: Penguin Freud Library (1985) p.224. His debt to William Robertson Smith is explicitly acknowledged in that essay and elsewhere. 

20 On Aggression, p.203.

21 Ibid., p.237.

22 Ibid., p.247.

23 City of God, XIX: 11.

24 This interplay of genetic and cultural factors goes by the name of co-evolution and remains hotly disputed.

25 Freud, S. Civilization and its Discontents, London: Penguin Freud Library 12 (1985) p.340.

26 City of God, XIX:4 [personal translation].

27 Freud, S. The Future of an Illusion: Penguin Freud Library 12 (1985) p.238